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Bitcoin () is a cryptocurrency, a form of electronic money. It is a decentralized digital currency with no central bank or single administrator which can be sent out of user-to-user on the peer reviewed bitcoin network without the need for intermediaries.7

Transactions are verified by network nodes via cryptography and listed in a public distributed ledger known as a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto9 and released as open-source applications in 2009.10 Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining.

Research produced by the University of Cambridge estimates that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin.12.

Bitcoin has been criticized because of its use in illegal transactions, its high electricity consumption, price volatility, thefts from exchanges, and the possibility that bitcoin is an economic bubble.13 Bitcoin has also been used as an investment, even though many regulatory agencies have issued investor alarms about bitcoin.14

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The domain name"bitcoin.org" was registered on 18 August 2008.15 On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System5 was submitted to a cryptography mailing list.16 Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009.171810 Nakamoto's identity remains unknown.9.

In January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the very first block of the chain, known as the genesis block.1920 Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the following text:"The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks. "10 This note has been interpreted as either a timestamp and a comment on the instability brought on by fractional-reserve banking.21:18.

The recipient of the first bitcoin transaction was cypherpunk Hal Finney, who created the very first reusable proof-of-work system (RPOW) in 2004.22 Finney downloaded the bitcoin applications on its release date, and on 12 January 2009 obtained ten bitcoins out of Nakamoto.2324 Other early cypherpunk fans were creators of bitcoin predecessors: Wei Dai, creator of b-money, and Nick Szabo, founder of little golden.25 In 2010, the first known business transaction using bitcoin occurred when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz bought two Papa John's pizzas for 10,000 bitcoin.26.

Nakamoto is estimated to have mined one million bitcoins27 before disappearing in 2010, when he handed the network alert key and control of the code repository over to Gavin Andresen. Andresen afterwards became lead programmer at the Bitcoin Foundation.2829 Andresen then sought to decentralize control. This abandoned opportunity for controversy to grow over the future development path of bitcoin.3029.

After early"proof-of-concept" transactions, the first significant users of bitcoin were black markets, such as Silk Road. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting 9.9 million in bitcoins, value about $214 million.31:222

In 2011, the price started at $0.30 each bitcoin, growing to $5.27 for Homepage the year. The price rose to $31.50 on 8 June. Within a month the price fell to $11.00. The next month it dropped to $7.80, and in another month to $4.77.32

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Litecoin, an early bitcoin spin-off or altcoin, appeared in October 2011.33 Many altcoins have been made since then.34

In 2012, bitcoin prices started at $5.27 growing to $13.30 for the calendar year.32 By 9 January the cost had risen to $7.38, but then crashed by 49 percent to $3.80 within the next 16 days. The cost then climbed to Going Here $16.41 on 17 August, but dropped by 57% to $7.10 over the next three times.35.

In March 2013 that the blockchain temporarily split into two independent chains with different rules. The 2 blockchains operated simultaneously for six hours, each using its own version of the transaction history. Normal operation was revived when the vast majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of the bitcoin applications.37 The Mt.

Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity44 resulting in the bitcoin cost dropping from $266 to $76 prior to returning to $160 within six hours.45 The bitcoin price rose to $259 on 10 April, but then dropped by 83 percent to $45 over the next 3 days.35 On 15 May 2013, US authorities captured accounts connected with Mt.

881.48 This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoin.4950 The FBI seized about 26,000 bitcoins in October 2013 in the dark website Silk Road during the arrest of Ross William Ulbricht.515253 Bitcoin's price climbed to $755 on 19 November directory and dropped by 50% to $378 the exact same day.

In 2014, prices started at $770 and dropped to $314 for the year.32 In February 2014 the Mt. Gox exchange, the most significant bitcoin exchange in the time, stated that 850,000 bitcoins had been stolen from its own clients, amounting to nearly $500 million. Bitcoin's price fell by nearly half, from $867 to $439 (a 49% drop).

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